PVC: A Health Hazard?
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PVC: A Health Hazard?
by thirdrecords Tue May 27, 2008 8:32 pm
History
In 1912, German chemist Fritz Klatte at Greisheim Electron unknowingly made the first PVC in an attempt to create uses for large quantities of acetylene gas fuel lamps just before the new technology of electric lights made them obsolete. He had reacted acetylene with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Not knowing what to do with the new material, it was stored for some time, and polymerization took place. Their patent expired in 1925 without them ever knowing what to do with it. Independently, in 1926, chemist Waldo Semon at the American company B.F. Goodrich invented PVC. And again, it was patented. [1]
One of the first uses for PVC was insulation on electric cables in 1930. Mass production, facilitated by improved injection molding, and automation, greatly reduced its price. PVC has been commercially available since 1942. By 1950, there were five companies producing PVC. And by 1980, there were twenty. Today, vinyl is the second largest-selling plastic in the world, and the industry employs more than 100,000 people in just the US.[2] PVC is the second largest volume thermoplastic only to polyethylene. Production capacity has almost doubled over the last 20 years, currently 27 million tons/year worldwide. Current worldwide uses of PVC by percent are as follows: Building 56%; Packaging 15%; Consumer goods 10%; Electronics industries 9%; Agriculture 5%; Others 5%. [3]
Production of PVC
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), also known as "vinyl," [4] is produced in several steps. In the first step, ethylene dichloride (EDC) is produced by the chlorination of ethylene through either direct chlorination or oxychlorination. Direct chlorination reacts ethylene with chlorine. Oxychlorination is done by reacting ethylene with dry hydrogen chloride (HCl) and oxygen at temperatures generally less than 325°C. The resulting EDC is then subjected to pressures between 20-30 atmospheres and temperatures between 550-650°C. This process is known as pyrolysis, or thermal cracking. Equal parts of vinyl chloride monomer[5] (VC) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) are created during this stage. The VC is then isolated. [6] And finally, PVC is made by the polymerization of the VC. Polymerization is a chemical reaction linking the molecules of a simple substance (monomer) together to form large molecules whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the monomer. There are two general types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization, and condensation polymerization. PVC is made by addition polymerization, which occurs when VCM reactive monomers unite without forming any other products. Its resulting molecular structure is similar to that of polyethylene.
Properties
In this pure form, it is a fine-grained, white powder or resin. Chemical additives give it the desired characteristics for the multitude of products made of PVC. PVC can be processed with all the techniques for plastics and its applications include rigid, elastic and spongy goods. Other uses include; bottles, window frames, pipes, flooring, wallpaper, toys, car seats, guttering, cable insulation, credit cards, and medical products such as blood bags, IV tubing and much more.
The properties of PVC can vary widely with the method of production. It is resistant to water, acid, bases, some solvents, fats, and oils. It can be heat-sealed between 194-356°F (90-180°C). Uses of it include food containers, molded articles, and water pipes.
Additive ingredients include plasticizers, stabilizers, antifog agents, lubricants, colorants, and flame-retardants. Heavy metals such as lead and cadmium are used as stabilizers, plasticizers such as diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dyes, solvents, and other additives--can cause an infinite variety of deleterious health effects throughout its lifecycle.
Stabilizers
Lead compounds are the most common stabilizers in PVC. Some of them are; basic lead carbonate, lead stearate, basic lead stearate, tribasic lead stearate, basic (dibasic) lead stearate, and basic lead phthalate. The main intake is via food and water.[7]
Cadmium and barium compounds are also used in the manufacture of PVC as stabilizers.[8]
Color
PVC can be colored by mechanically dispersing solid pigment particles so that each is covered with binder molecules, without trapping air between binder and pigment. Since the colorants are not part of the polymerized along with the VCM, it too can migrate
Industry-Wide Conspiracy Lasting Decades
Henry Tousaint, a former worker at the PPG Industries plant in Lake Charles, La., receives a radiation treatment for mantle-cell lymphoma, a rare cancer he blamed on exposures to vinyl chloride and other chemicals. Tousaint, 54, died April 30, 1998
VCM is categorized as a Group 1 Carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a branch of the World Health Organization (WHO).[9] More than 30 million pounds of VCM were emitted in 1974 from PVC product manufacturing solely in the US.[10]
The PVC industry has known about the carcinogenicity of VCM since about 1970, when Pier Luigi Viola[11] of the Regina Elena Institute for Cancer Research in Rome, found evidence of a VCM-cancer link in research for the Solvay plant in Rosignano, Italy and reported on it at the 10th International Cancer Congress in Houston, Texas. In 1972, Cesare Maltoni found angiosarcoma, a rare form of liver cancer, in test animals subjected to inhalation studies at the 250-ppm level.
In January 1973, the Manufacturing Chemists Association (CMA) visited Maltoni in Bologna, in an attempt to bury his results by bribing him. The CMA thought it would ruin the $65-billion/year VC industry and worked quickly to discredit Maltoni’s research, claiming that it was heavily flawed. Not only was his work correct, but he prophetically stated that "[v]inyl chloride is probably only one tree in a large forest. I am very suspicious of all compounds of the carbon-chloride group."[12]
The wall of secrecy surrounding VC was not breached until Jan. 23, 1974, when B.F. Goodrich announced that it had found three fatal cases of angiosarcoma among workers at its PVC plant in Louisville. Goodrich, fearful of a broad indictment of PVC, had tried to stop publication of a European researcher's paper in 1966, according to a Monsanto memo.[13] Currently, all but consumers know that PVC is a threat to both human and environmental health.
PVC has irreparably harmed the health of many thousands of PVC production workers. At the same time, the manufacturers knew of the dangers and deliberately conspired to withhold the information about VC toxicity from its workers and the public. The PBS Bill Moyers TV special Trade Secrets made this public knowledge on 26 March 2001.[14] Besides being the direct cause of cancer, emphysema, reproductive disorders, learning disabilities and death, it dissolved the bones in the fingers of many.
Residents near PVC plants are at extreme risk. In Mossville, LA, the home of two PVC manufacturers, the level of 13.5 parts per trillion (ppt) dioxin TEQs was found in human breast milk, 28 ppt in soil, 0.6 ppt. in the soil of a chicken coop, and 2.09 pg/g in egg.[15] According to a survey by Dr. Marvin Legator, director of the Toxics Assistance Program at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Mossville residents suffered from illnesses related to chemical exposure at levels 2-3 times higher than that of a control group in every one of the 12 body system categories.[16] Considering that dioxin mimics every hormone in the human body and is active to 1/10 ppt[17]
Dioxin and PCBs: Unavoidable Byproducts of PVC
Dioxin is created during all phases of PVC production, as well as in its disposal by incineration or accidental fire.
There is no "threshold" dose for dioxin. For dioxin, the lowest dose that causes hormonal action has not been found yet. It currently stands at about 1 part per trillion, but researchers have been unable to find the threshold using the most up-to-date advanced systems. It is thought to be the most toxic human-made chemical.
Definition
Threshold: the point at which a physiological or psychological effect begins to be produced.
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary
Dioxin is made up of 75 different compounds. A more complete name for these compounds is chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), which are commonly referred to as polychlorinated dioxins. They vary widely in toxicity and deleterious health effects. These 75 compounds are divided into 8 sub-groups of chemicals based on the number of chlorine atoms—di-chlorinated dioxin (DCDD), tri-chlorinated dioxin (TrCDD), tetra-chlorinated dioxin (TCDD), penta-chlorinated dioxin (PeCDD), hexa-chlorinated dioxin (HxCDD), hepta-chlorinated dioxin (HpCDD), and octa-chlorinated dioxin (OCDD). 2,3,7,8-TCDD has been studied extensively and is the prototype for the CDDs. Compounds with toxic properties similar to 2,3,7,8-TCDD are called "dioxin-like" compounds. Quite often, when a scientist refers to dioxin, it is understood that all 75 compounds are being refereed to.
Most dioxins are created by the industrial processes of humans, as well as building fires, and forest fires.
Need comments on this kng meron bang content ang PVC stickers n ginagamit natin sa ating mga cube?
Pls feel free to comment im not so sure if meron ba talagang PVC content ang PVC stickers.
Regards,
In 1912, German chemist Fritz Klatte at Greisheim Electron unknowingly made the first PVC in an attempt to create uses for large quantities of acetylene gas fuel lamps just before the new technology of electric lights made them obsolete. He had reacted acetylene with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Not knowing what to do with the new material, it was stored for some time, and polymerization took place. Their patent expired in 1925 without them ever knowing what to do with it. Independently, in 1926, chemist Waldo Semon at the American company B.F. Goodrich invented PVC. And again, it was patented. [1]
One of the first uses for PVC was insulation on electric cables in 1930. Mass production, facilitated by improved injection molding, and automation, greatly reduced its price. PVC has been commercially available since 1942. By 1950, there were five companies producing PVC. And by 1980, there were twenty. Today, vinyl is the second largest-selling plastic in the world, and the industry employs more than 100,000 people in just the US.[2] PVC is the second largest volume thermoplastic only to polyethylene. Production capacity has almost doubled over the last 20 years, currently 27 million tons/year worldwide. Current worldwide uses of PVC by percent are as follows: Building 56%; Packaging 15%; Consumer goods 10%; Electronics industries 9%; Agriculture 5%; Others 5%. [3]
Production of PVC
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), also known as "vinyl," [4] is produced in several steps. In the first step, ethylene dichloride (EDC) is produced by the chlorination of ethylene through either direct chlorination or oxychlorination. Direct chlorination reacts ethylene with chlorine. Oxychlorination is done by reacting ethylene with dry hydrogen chloride (HCl) and oxygen at temperatures generally less than 325°C. The resulting EDC is then subjected to pressures between 20-30 atmospheres and temperatures between 550-650°C. This process is known as pyrolysis, or thermal cracking. Equal parts of vinyl chloride monomer[5] (VC) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) are created during this stage. The VC is then isolated. [6] And finally, PVC is made by the polymerization of the VC. Polymerization is a chemical reaction linking the molecules of a simple substance (monomer) together to form large molecules whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the monomer. There are two general types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization, and condensation polymerization. PVC is made by addition polymerization, which occurs when VCM reactive monomers unite without forming any other products. Its resulting molecular structure is similar to that of polyethylene.
Properties
In this pure form, it is a fine-grained, white powder or resin. Chemical additives give it the desired characteristics for the multitude of products made of PVC. PVC can be processed with all the techniques for plastics and its applications include rigid, elastic and spongy goods. Other uses include; bottles, window frames, pipes, flooring, wallpaper, toys, car seats, guttering, cable insulation, credit cards, and medical products such as blood bags, IV tubing and much more.
The properties of PVC can vary widely with the method of production. It is resistant to water, acid, bases, some solvents, fats, and oils. It can be heat-sealed between 194-356°F (90-180°C). Uses of it include food containers, molded articles, and water pipes.
Additive ingredients include plasticizers, stabilizers, antifog agents, lubricants, colorants, and flame-retardants. Heavy metals such as lead and cadmium are used as stabilizers, plasticizers such as diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dyes, solvents, and other additives--can cause an infinite variety of deleterious health effects throughout its lifecycle.
Stabilizers
Lead compounds are the most common stabilizers in PVC. Some of them are; basic lead carbonate, lead stearate, basic lead stearate, tribasic lead stearate, basic (dibasic) lead stearate, and basic lead phthalate. The main intake is via food and water.[7]
Cadmium and barium compounds are also used in the manufacture of PVC as stabilizers.[8]
Color
PVC can be colored by mechanically dispersing solid pigment particles so that each is covered with binder molecules, without trapping air between binder and pigment. Since the colorants are not part of the polymerized along with the VCM, it too can migrate
Industry-Wide Conspiracy Lasting Decades
Henry Tousaint, a former worker at the PPG Industries plant in Lake Charles, La., receives a radiation treatment for mantle-cell lymphoma, a rare cancer he blamed on exposures to vinyl chloride and other chemicals. Tousaint, 54, died April 30, 1998
VCM is categorized as a Group 1 Carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a branch of the World Health Organization (WHO).[9] More than 30 million pounds of VCM were emitted in 1974 from PVC product manufacturing solely in the US.[10]
The PVC industry has known about the carcinogenicity of VCM since about 1970, when Pier Luigi Viola[11] of the Regina Elena Institute for Cancer Research in Rome, found evidence of a VCM-cancer link in research for the Solvay plant in Rosignano, Italy and reported on it at the 10th International Cancer Congress in Houston, Texas. In 1972, Cesare Maltoni found angiosarcoma, a rare form of liver cancer, in test animals subjected to inhalation studies at the 250-ppm level.
In January 1973, the Manufacturing Chemists Association (CMA) visited Maltoni in Bologna, in an attempt to bury his results by bribing him. The CMA thought it would ruin the $65-billion/year VC industry and worked quickly to discredit Maltoni’s research, claiming that it was heavily flawed. Not only was his work correct, but he prophetically stated that "[v]inyl chloride is probably only one tree in a large forest. I am very suspicious of all compounds of the carbon-chloride group."[12]
The wall of secrecy surrounding VC was not breached until Jan. 23, 1974, when B.F. Goodrich announced that it had found three fatal cases of angiosarcoma among workers at its PVC plant in Louisville. Goodrich, fearful of a broad indictment of PVC, had tried to stop publication of a European researcher's paper in 1966, according to a Monsanto memo.[13] Currently, all but consumers know that PVC is a threat to both human and environmental health.
PVC has irreparably harmed the health of many thousands of PVC production workers. At the same time, the manufacturers knew of the dangers and deliberately conspired to withhold the information about VC toxicity from its workers and the public. The PBS Bill Moyers TV special Trade Secrets made this public knowledge on 26 March 2001.[14] Besides being the direct cause of cancer, emphysema, reproductive disorders, learning disabilities and death, it dissolved the bones in the fingers of many.
Residents near PVC plants are at extreme risk. In Mossville, LA, the home of two PVC manufacturers, the level of 13.5 parts per trillion (ppt) dioxin TEQs was found in human breast milk, 28 ppt in soil, 0.6 ppt. in the soil of a chicken coop, and 2.09 pg/g in egg.[15] According to a survey by Dr. Marvin Legator, director of the Toxics Assistance Program at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Mossville residents suffered from illnesses related to chemical exposure at levels 2-3 times higher than that of a control group in every one of the 12 body system categories.[16] Considering that dioxin mimics every hormone in the human body and is active to 1/10 ppt[17]
Dioxin and PCBs: Unavoidable Byproducts of PVC
Dioxin is created during all phases of PVC production, as well as in its disposal by incineration or accidental fire.
There is no "threshold" dose for dioxin. For dioxin, the lowest dose that causes hormonal action has not been found yet. It currently stands at about 1 part per trillion, but researchers have been unable to find the threshold using the most up-to-date advanced systems. It is thought to be the most toxic human-made chemical.
Definition
Threshold: the point at which a physiological or psychological effect begins to be produced.
Dioxin is made up of 75 different compounds. A more complete name for these compounds is chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), which are commonly referred to as polychlorinated dioxins. They vary widely in toxicity and deleterious health effects. These 75 compounds are divided into 8 sub-groups of chemicals based on the number of chlorine atoms—di-chlorinated dioxin (DCDD), tri-chlorinated dioxin (TrCDD), tetra-chlorinated dioxin (TCDD), penta-chlorinated dioxin (PeCDD), hexa-chlorinated dioxin (HxCDD), hepta-chlorinated dioxin (HpCDD), and octa-chlorinated dioxin (OCDD). 2,3,7,8-TCDD has been studied extensively and is the prototype for the CDDs. Compounds with toxic properties similar to 2,3,7,8-TCDD are called "dioxin-like" compounds. Quite often, when a scientist refers to dioxin, it is understood that all 75 compounds are being refereed to.
Most dioxins are created by the industrial processes of humans, as well as building fires, and forest fires.
Need comments on this kng meron bang content ang PVC stickers n ginagamit natin sa ating mga cube?
Pls feel free to comment im not so sure if meron ba talagang PVC content ang PVC stickers.
Regards,
thirdrecords- 2x2x2
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Number of posts : 154
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Registration date : 2008-03-29 -
Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by cupid Wed May 28, 2008 1:36 am
yah2 nbnggit ndn 2 sa news.,
chemical cia n hinahalo sa plastics.,
cupid- 2x2x2
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by luk Wed May 28, 2008 3:49 am
ahw...ang haba.. tsk tsk... halos namn lahat ng bagay ngayon may mga problema, kahit cellphone nga nakaka cancer... tsk tsk..
luk- 3x3x3
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by thirdrecords Wed May 28, 2008 11:55 am
It will only harm people if:
-overskin exposure
-choked it
-burn it
because of its tangy surface it is used-widely and because of that an American medicine association researched about it and they found out that it is hazardous.
-overskin exposure
-choked it
-burn it
because of its tangy surface it is used-widely and because of that an American medicine association researched about it and they found out that it is hazardous.
thirdrecords- 2x2x2
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Number of posts : 154
Age : 31
Location : Bacoor, Cavite
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by neonblues Wed May 28, 2008 12:16 pm
hala super haba...
tinamad ako magbasa...
so ang solution para maiwasan to,
eh
wag na lagyan ng sticker ang cube!
or
wag na lang magcube!
hehehe
cannot be!
tinamad ako magbasa...
so ang solution para maiwasan to,
eh
wag na lagyan ng sticker ang cube!
or
wag na lang magcube!
hehehe
cannot be!
neonblues- 2x2x2
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by Re1Mu2R3 Wed May 28, 2008 12:27 pm
Mag surgical gloves pag nagcucube. 5 pesos a pair lang yan. hahaha...
Re1Mu2R3- 2x2x2
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by thirdrecords Wed May 28, 2008 7:16 pm
kaya cguro hindi madaling mabura ang PVC stickers dhil sa PVC chemical content nito?[/img]
thirdrecords- 2x2x2
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by silvester Wed May 28, 2008 7:28 pm
kulayan nalang ng krayola ung kulay ng cube para harmless.hehehe........
silvester- 2x2x2
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by strawberryshake Wed May 28, 2008 7:32 pm
oo nga eh..
nabanggit yan sa balita kahapon
strawberryshake- 2x2x2
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by i.luv.cube Thu May 29, 2008 11:10 am
According to my mom, which is a chemist, PVC is dangerous at certain levels or amount. For example, for plastics that is used for carrying foods, may certain level lang ng PVC ang pwede or else it can cause hazard. But if you're not using it in foods naman, you can put higher level of it. Like sa upuan, planggana, *ehem* "Stickers 
", and many more. So cubing using PVC sticker is not harmful unless you'll it your cube diba? Anyways, meron ba sa inyong nakakita na namatay dahil sa sticker ng cube? Hmm...
", and many more. So cubing using PVC sticker is not harmful unless you'll it your cube diba? Anyways, meron ba sa inyong nakakita na namatay dahil sa sticker ng cube? Hmm...
i.luv.cube- 4x4x4
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by jolo_mat2008 Fri May 30, 2008 10:07 am
grabe pati pvc hazard na..i hear nga pati silicone spray eh may health hazards din..kaya ayaw bumili nung isang friend ko eh..stick to petroleum jelly daw sya kc mas "healthy"..
jolo_mat2008- 3x3x3
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by i.luv.cube Fri May 30, 2008 10:55 am
jolo_mat2008 wrote:grabe pati pvc hazard na..i hear nga pati silicone spray eh may health hazards din..kaya ayaw bumili nung isang friend ko eh..stick to petroleum jelly daw sya kc mas "healthy"..
Yup, dangerous naman talaga lahat kahit anong brand pa yan ng silicone eh. Yun nga lang pagnakain or kapag naka inhale ka lang ng sufficient amount tsaka siya magiging dangerous. Nakalagay rin naman po yun sa likod ng silicone eh. Spray it on a well ventilated area. And all of us guys should wash our hands before and after cubing, just to makes sure. Kasi kahit dangerous pa yung huling hinawakan natin or hindi, may germs parin yan kaya hindi natin talaga masasabi kung ano ang safe sa hindi.
And yes, ang petroleum jelly can even be swallowed kasi nilalagay yun sa lips dba?
i.luv.cube- 4x4x4
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by jolo_mat2008 Fri May 30, 2008 10:57 am
yup..ginagamit din ang petroleum jelly as moisturizer.. BUT..ang alam ko may non toxic silicone sprays eh.. wala naman akong makita dito sa pinas..
BUT..ang alam ko may non toxic silicone sprays eh.. wala naman akong makita dito sa pinas..
jolo_mat2008- 3x3x3
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by i.luv.cube Fri May 30, 2008 11:13 am
jolo_mat2008 wrote:yup..ginagamit din ang petroleum jelly as moisturizer..
Awaw, may non-toxic pala,, ayus yun
mas healthy
i.luv.cube- 4x4x4
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luigiyotoko- 2x2x2
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Re: PVC: A Health Hazard?
by jolo_mat2008 Fri May 30, 2008 9:44 pm
luigiyotoko wrote:maymadaling solution........TILES
di din natin sigurado kung walang pvc content ang tiles..mapa bangketa tiles pa yan o cubesmith tiles..parehas naman ung plastic..karamihan ata ng plastics ay may pvc content..saka tingin ko imposible rin namang hazardous sa kalusugan pvc stickers eh..di mo naman kakainin saka siguro napakaminimal lang ng pvc content nun..
jolo_mat2008- 3x3x3
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